Katarak Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus
Keywords:
Katarak, Diabetes Mellitus, Literature ReviewAbstract
Latar Belakang: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) merupakan penyakit metabolik kronis yang berpotensi menimbulkan komplikasi mikrovaskular, salah satunya adalah katarak. Dibandingkan populasi non-diabetik, penderita DM memiliki risiko 2–5 kali lebih tinggi mengalami katarak, yang dapat berkembang lebih cepat dan pada usia yang lebih muda. Mekanisme utama yang mendasari pembentukan katarak pada DM antara lain adalah akumulasi sorbitol melalui jalur poliol dan stres oksidatif yang menyebabkan kerusakan serat lensa.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan narrative literature review yang bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis artikel ilmiah terkait hubungan antara diabetes mellitus dan risiko katarak. Literatur diperoleh melalui pencarian sistematis pada database ilmiah. Total 14 artikel dipilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi, dengan lima artikel utama dianalisis lebih dalam.
Hasil: Review menunjukkan prevalensi katarak yang tinggi pada pasien DM, berkisar antara 42–70%, dengan jenis katarak yang paling sering adalah subkapsular posterior dan kortikal. Faktor risiko yang konsisten ditemukan mencakup kontrol glikemik buruk (HbA1c tinggi), durasi DM lebih dari 10 tahun, usia lanjut, dan keberadaan retinopati diabetik. Studi juga menunjukkan hubungan antara hipertensi, hiperlipidemia, serta neuropati diabetik dengan kejadian katarak.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara diabetes mellitus dan peningkatan risiko katarak. Faktor metabolik dan sistemik turut mempercepat proses kekeruhan lensa. Oleh karena itu, manajemen DM yang optimal, pemeriksaan mata berkala, serta edukasi pasien merupakan langkah penting untuk mencegah gangguan penglihatan yang lebih lanjut.
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