What is The Effectiveness of Intravenous Magnesium Supplementation Compared to Standard Care on Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with Hypomagnesemia? : A Systematic Review
Keywords:
Magnesium, critically ill, hypomagnesemia, intensive care unit, arrhythmia, sepsis, systematic reviewAbstract
Introduction: Hypomagnesemia is common in critically ill patients and is associated with adverse outcomes. However, the effectiveness of intravenous (IV) magnesium supplementation remains controversial.
Methods: This systematic review screened 80 studies including RCTs, etc across general ICUs, cardiac surgery, sepsis, neurological conditions, and other critical illnesses. Outcomes assessed included mortality, arrhythmias, neurological recovery, length of stay, and adverse events.
Results: In post-cardiac surgery, IV magnesium significantly reduced supraventricular arrhythmias (RR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.63–0.93) and ventricular arrhythmias (RR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31–0.87) [1,2]. In sepsis, magnesium improved lactate clearance and reduced ICU stay from 15 to 8 days (p<0.01) [3], with a network meta-analysis showing reduced short-term mortality (RR 0.33; 95% CI: 0.14–0.79) [4]. In AKI on CRRT, magnesium was associated with significantly lower 90-day mortality (aHR 0.38; 95% CI: 0.18–0.83) [5]. In aneurysmal SAH, magnesium reduced vasospasm (OR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.37–0.99) and delayed cerebral ischemia (OR 0.57; 95% CI: 0.37–0.88) but did not improve overall neurological outcome [6,7]. In TBI, the largest RCT showed no benefit and potential harm [8]. In general ICU patients with borderline hypomagnesemia, routine supplementation did not improve 24-hour clinical outcomes [9]. Extended infusion strategies improved magnesium retention compared to rapid boluses [11,12]. Adverse events were generally mild, though higher doses in TBI increased mortality [8].
Discussion: The effectiveness of IV magnesium is highly context-dependent. Strongest evidence supports arrhythmia prevention post-cardiac surgery. Sepsis and AKI on CRRT show promising signals for mortality and organ function, but evidence certainty is low. Neurological benefits are limited to intermediate events without improving final outcomes. Routine supplementation for mild hypomagnesemia in general ICU is not supported.
Conclusion: IV magnesium supplementation is recommended for arrhythmia prophylaxis in post-cardiac surgery. Its role in sepsis and AKI on CRRT requires further high-quality RCTs. Magnesium should not be routinely administered for mild hypomagnesemia in general ICU or for neuroprotection in TBI.
References
T. Shiga, Z. Wajima, Tetsuo Inoue, R. Ogawa (2004) Magnesium prophylaxis for arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AMJMED.2004.03.030
Sarah Hamdy Elghareeb, I. Taher, Ahmed Abd Al Ghany, Noha Mohamed Abdelaziz (2026) Pharmacokinetic-guided magnesium prophylaxis in cardiac surgery: A randomized trial demonstrating guideline-level reductions in atrial fibrillation, accelerated recovery, and systemic cost savings. The Journal of Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.2478/jccm-2026-0001
A. Noormandi, H. Khalili, M. Mohammadi, A. Abdollahi (2019) Effect of magnesium supplementation on lactate clearance in critically ill patients with severe sepsis: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-019-02788-w
M. Safabakhsh, H. Imani, Hossein Shahinfar, et al (2024) Efficacy of dietary supplements on mortality and clinical outcomes in adults with sepsis and septic shock: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.03.030
L. B. Mota, Etienne Macedo, R. Moysés, et al (2023) Calcium Balance in Slow Extended Dialysis: Effect of Regional Citrate vs. Other Anticoagulation Strategies in a Randomized Trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.20233411s1442b
Hanlin Zheng, Xiumei Guo, Xinyu Huang, et al (2023) Effect of magnesium sulfate on cerebral vasospasm in the treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Neurology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1249369
Eyal Golan, D. Vásquez, N. Ferguson, et al (2013) Prophylactic magnesium for improving neurologic outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of critical care. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2012.07.001
N. Temkin, Gail D. Anderson, H. Winn, et al (2007) Magnesium sulfate for neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70630-5
Robert Goulden, Michal Abrahamowicz, Erin C Strumpf, Robyn Tamblyn (2025) Magnesium Supplementation and Tachyarrhythmias: A Nonrandomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.6572
J. Fairley, N. Glassford, Ling Zhang, R. Bellomo (2015) Magnesium status and magnesium therapy in critically ill patients: A systematic review. Journal of critical care. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.07.029
Amer Afaneh, J. Buck, Ford Jennifer, et al (2016) 1524: HEAD INJURY ON WARFARIN: LIKELIHOOD OF DELAYED BLEEDING IN PATIENTS WITH NEGATIVE INITIAL HEAD CT. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000510198.29158.d0
A. Harsh, Kelli A. Rumbaugh, D. Mulherin (2022) 306: SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF FIXED-DOSE MAGNESIUM REPLACEMENT. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000906960.27208.38
J. M. W. van de Water, W. van den Bergh, R. Hoff, et al (2007) Hypocalcaemia may reduce the beneficial effect of magnesium treatment in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Magnesium Research. https://doi.org/10.1684/MRH.2007.0101
Jordin K Shelley, Evan Rainey, K. Roden-Foreman, et al (2016) 1522: THE IMPACT OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS AND DEPRESSION ON HOSPITAL LENGTH OF STAY. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000510196.44405.f6
K. Nault, A. Quidley, M. Bard, et al (2016) 1521: COMPARISON OF EXTENDED- VERSUS STANDARD-INFUSION MAGNESIUM REPLETION IN ADULT TRAUMA ICU PATIENTS. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000510195.06288.cc
Amee Bigelow, Katherine T. Flynn-O’Brien, Pippa M. Simpson, et al (2016) 1523: MULTICENTER REVIEW OF CURRENT PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH VTE PROPHYLAXIS IN PEDIATRIC TRAUMA PATIENTS. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000510197.52029.56
Ryo Matsuura, Y. Hamasaki, M. Nangaku, Kent Doi (2023) Magnesium Supplementation Is Associated with Reduced Mortality in AKI Requiring Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy (CKRT). Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.20233411s1442a
H. Kim, Yaeni Kim (2023) Association Between Body Mass Index and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with AKI Requiring Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.20233411s1442c
G. K. Vesterlund, T. Thomsen, M. Møller, A. Perner (2020) Effects of magnesium, phosphate and zinc supplementation in ICU patients—Protocol for a systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.13468
Matthew G. Wilson, F. Asselbergs, Ruben Miguel, et al (2022) Embedded point of care randomisation for evaluating comparative effectiveness questions: PROSPECTOR-critical care feasibility study protocol. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059995
Rani A, Ghai A, Puhal S, et al (2024) A study to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous Magnesium Sulphate administration on lactate clearance in critically ill patients. Ibom Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.61386/imj.v17i3.481
Christopher J. Yarnell, F. Angriman, Eliot Beaubien, et al (2026) Association Between Protocolized Magnesium Supplementation and Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter in Critically Ill Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0000000000007062
O. Dabbagh, A. Aldawood, Y. Arabi, et al (2006) Magnesium supplementation and the potential association with mortality rates among critically ill non-cardiac patients. Saudi Medical Journal
Kuldeep Sain, Kanta Bhati, A. Sulemani, R. Ajayb. (2017) THE ROLE OF INTRAVENOUS MAGNESIUM IN REDUCING SHORT TERM MORTALITY OF ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AS COMPARED TOSTREPTOKINASE AND PLACEBO. Global journal for research analysis
J. W. Chan, Fumitaka Yanase, E. See, et al (2022) A pilot study of the pharmacokinetics of continuous magnesium infusion in critically ill patients. Critical Care and Resuscitation. https://doi.org/10.51893/2022.1.OA4
M. L. Carrio, J. Ventura, C. Javierre, et al (2012) Does post-cardiac surgery magnesium supplementation improve outcome? Magnesium Research. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2012.0324
O. Havrylov, M. Gomon (2021) The role of magnesium in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal with delirium. Emergency medicine. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0586.17.8.2021.245573
Sareh Hosseini, Ilad Alavi Darzam, Mahdi Amirdosara, et al (2024) Evaluating the effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate for prevention of colistin induced acute kidney injury: an open-label, placebo-controlled, block randomized clinical trial. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-024-03583-w
R. Byyny, Facep (2017) IV Magnesium Doesn't Reduce Time to Improvement for Acute Bronchiolitis. NEJM Journal Watch. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm-jw.NA43851
Francesco Saglietti, Alessandro Girombelli, S. Marelli, et al (2023) Role of Magnesium in the Intensive Care Unit and Immunomodulation: A Literature Review. Vaccines. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061122
Rabaa Mustafa Sulaiman Rababah, Haitham Suleiman Ahmad Al-Qaderi, Ahmad Qasim Mohammad Dwairi, et al (2022) Extended Versus Short Infusion Rates for Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate in Refractory Hypokalemic Associated Hypomagnesemia. IAR Journal of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care. https://doi.org/10.47310/iarjacc.2022.v03i02.018
V. Sadhwani, N. Lai (2026) 3702 Hypomagnesaemia and acute cognitive decline in older adults: an evaluation of clinical practice and cognitive outcomes at an NHS. Age and Ageing. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaf368.084
B. Gucyetmez, H. Atalan, S. Aslan, et al (2016) Effects of Intraoperative Magnesium Sulfate Administration on Postoperative Tramadol Requirement in Liver Transplantation: A Prospective, Double-Blind Study. Transplantation Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.08.033
Hai Su, Yi Zhang, Zulu Su, et al (2013) Relationship between Mg2+ in serum and immune globulin in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Chinese Journal of Trauma. https://doi.org/10.3760/CMA.J.ISSN.1001-8050.2013.3.012
D. Velissaris, V. Karamouzos, C. Pierrakos, et al (2015) Hypomagnesemia in Critically Ill Sepsis Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. https://doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2351w
Razieh Avan, A. Mazidimoradi, H. Salehiniya (2022) Effect of magnesium on severity and mortality of COVID–19 patients: A systematic review. Journal of Acute Disease. https://doi.org/10.4103/2221-6189.355308
S. D. Gupta, S. Pal, A. Goswami, et al (2009) A Comparative Study to Determine the Effect of Intravenous Magnesium on Postoperative Bleeding after on Pump CABG in Patients Receiving Pre-Operative Aspirin. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia
G. K. Vesterlund, Hans-Christian Thorsen-Meyer, B. S. Kaas-Hansen, et al (2022) Low serum levels of magnesium, phosphate, and zinc in ICU patients. Prevalence, management, characteristics, and outcomes. Protocol and statistical analysis plan for The WhyTrace cohort study. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.11.22274933
M. Chowdhury, B. Ponieman (2022) Hypomagnesemia In Patients OF Critical Care And Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Review. European psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1187
D. Altun, G. Eren, H. Çetingok, et al (2019) Can we use magnesium for sedation in the intensive care unit for critically ill patients: Is it as effective as other sedatives? Agri : Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir = The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology. https://doi.org/10.14744/AGRI.2019.59244
Z. Heidary, H. Khalili, M. Mohammadi, et al (2020) Effect of Magnesium Loading Dose on Insulin Resistance in Patients With Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066618777431
A. Alghamdi, Osman O. Al-Radi, D. Latter (2005) Intravenous Magnesium for Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation After Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Journal of cardiac surgery. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2005.200447.x
Taigo Kato, Takahisa Kawaguchi, T. Funakoshi, et al (2024) Efficacy of Magnesium Supplementation in Cancer Patients Developing Hypomagnesemia Due to Anti-EGFR Antibody: A Systematic Review. Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis. https://doi.org/10.21873/cdp.10337
C. Thwaites, C. Thwaites, L. Yen, et al (2006) Magnesium sulphate for treatment of severe tetanus: a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69444-0
M. Lyons, W. Blackshaw (2018) Does magnesium sulfate have a role in the management of severe traumatic brain injury in civilian and military populations? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-000916
D. Jiang, K. Dennis, A. Steinmetz, et al (2016) Management of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor-Induced Hypomagnesemia: A Systematic Review. Clinical colorectal cancer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2016.02.011
Enas El Taftazany, R. Hafez, Ghada Ebeid (2019) The Potential Role of Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Administration on the Outcome of Acute Organophosphorus Toxicity. A prospective study in Poison Control Center Ain Shams University. Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology. https://doi.org/10.21608/AJFM.2019.23675
M. Mazer-Amirshahi, S. Perman, A. Grossestreuer, et al (2014) Magnesium Depletion in Patients Treated with Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest. Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management. https://doi.org/10.1089/ther.2014.0012
M. Zakharchenko, F. Los, H. Brodská, M. Balík (2016) The Effects of High Level Magnesium Dialysis/Substitution Fluid on Magnesium Homeostasis under Regional Citrate Anticoagulation in Critically Ill. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158179
T. Westermaier, C. Stetter, G. Vince, et al (2010) Prophylactic intravenous magnesium sulfate for treatment of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical study*. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d9da1e
M. Majumder, Sadman Sazzad, Rabeya Hasin, et al (2025) The Impact of Low Serum Magnesium Levels on COVID-19 Severity and Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Magnesium Supplementation: A Systematic Review. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.77118
John W. Miller, R. D'Ambrosio (2007) When Basic Research Doesn't Translate to the Bedside—Lessons from the Magnesium Brain Trauma Study. Epilepsy Currents. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7511.2007.00201.x
Xuan Lai, V. Sadhwani, W. Ng, Akif Gani (2025) Hypomagnesemia and Acute Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: An Evaluation of Clinical Practice and Cognitive Outcomes at a National Health Service (NHS) Trust in England. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.88920
A. Negru, A. Pastorcici, S. Crișan, et al (2022) The Role of Hypomagnesemia in Cardiac Arrhythmias: A Clinical Perspective. Biomedicines. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102356
W. van den Bergh (2005) Magnesium Sulfate in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000160801.96998.57
Bahador Mirrahimi, H. Hamishehkar, A. Ahmadi, et al (2012) The efficacy of magnesium sulfate loading on microalbuminuria following SIRS: One step forward in dosing. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1186/2008-2231-20-74
Bilge Banu Taşdemir Mecit, S. Orhan (2022) Magnesemia in COVID-19 ICU patients: the relationship between serum magnesium level and mortality. Magnesium Research. https://doi.org/10.1684/mrh.2022.0504
K. Anvari, M. S. Toussi, M. Mirsadraee (2010) Evaluation of Intravenous Magnesium Supplementation as Prophylaxis for Cisplatin-induced Hypomagnesemia. Middle East Journal of Cancer
William H. Perucki, Brett J. Hiendlmayr, David M O'Sullivan, et al (2017) Magnesium Levels and Neurologic Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Therapeutic Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest. Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management. https://doi.org/10.1089/ther.2017.0016
Tasneem I. Abdelhalim, Sabry M. Amin, S. Ahmed, et al (2025) The role of magnesium sulphate in pain management in trauma patients. Tanta Medical Journal. https://doi.org/10.4103/tmj.tmj_63_24
Mansour Jannati, S. Shahbazi, L. Eshaghi (2018) Comparison of the Efficacy of Oral versus Intravascular Magnesium in the Prevention of Hypomagnesemia and Arrhythmia after CABG. Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0070
A. Pearce, C. Lockwood, C. van den Heuvel, James Pearce (2015) The use of therapeutic magnesium for neuroprotection during global cerebral ischemia associated with cardiac arrest and cardiac surgery in adults: a systematic review. The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003236
H. Ni, Swe Zin Aye, Cho Naing (2022) Magnesium sulfate for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013506.pub2
Makayla F. Hoke, Katelyn Butler, Marcos J. Ortiz-Uriarte, Andrew J. Franck (2025) Effect of Intravenous Electrolyte Supplementation on Refeeding Syndrome for Patients Initiated on Parenteral Nutrition. Journal of Pharmacy Technology. https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225251363426
Khairunnisai Tarimah, Decky Aditya Zulkarnaen, Monika Widiastuti, et al (2025) Neuroprotective Effects of Magnesium Sulphate in Anesthesia and Neurocritical Care Settings: A Systematic Review. F1000Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.171465.1
Bin Huang, N. Khatibi, Li Tong, et al (2010) Magnesium Sulfate Treatment Improves Outcome in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Meta-analysis Study. Translational Stroke Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-010-0022-8
S. Hazelrigg, T. Boley, I. Cetindag, et al (2004) The efficacy of supplemental magnesium in reducing atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Annals of Thoracic Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATHORACSUR.2003.08.027
MD Sunil K. Bhudia, MD Delos M. Cosgrove, PhD Richard I. Naugle, et al (2006) Magnesium as a neuroprotectant in cardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JTCVS.2005.11.018
G. Malijan, A. R. L. Sayo (2026) P-212. The Effects of Magnesium Sulfate on Mortality and Morbidity of Adult Patients with Tetanus in San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Philippines from January 2012 to December 2021: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaf695.434
Scott Fitter, Katherine Wu, Kayvan Moussavi (2022) 181: EFFECTS OF MAGNESIUM DURING TREATMENT OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION WITH RAPID VENTRICULAR RESPONSE. Critical Care Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000906460.41732.a3
E. Kunze, Nadine Lilla, C. Stetter, et al (2018) Magnesium Protects in Episodes of Critical Perfusion after Aneurysmal SAH. Translational Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2018-0016
Nesreen Shaban, T. Helmy, Samir Al Awady, D. Zidan (2019) The effect of magnesium sulfate on cerebral perfusion in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Research and Opinion in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. https://doi.org/10.4103/roaic.roaic_49_18
M. Najafi, Reza Hamidian, B. Haghighat, et al (2007) Magnesium infusion and postoperative atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica
Kameron Bechler, Kristina Shkirkova, J. Saver, et al (2020) The Effect of Early Treatment with Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate on the Incidence of Cardiac Comorbidities in Hospitalized Stroke Patients. Cardiovascular Therapeutics. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/1494506
A. Naidech, Kristina Shkirkova, J. Villablanca, et al (2022) Magnesium Sulfate and Hematoma Expansion: An Ancillary Analysis of the FAST-MAG Randomized Trial. Stroke. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.037999
H. Kanamori, Y. Fujita, R. Joko, et al (2023) Effect of intraoperative systemic magnesium sulphate on postoperative Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale score after endovascular repair of aortic aneurysm under general anesthesia: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281457
I. H. Huenges Wajer, S. M. Dorhout Mees, W. Bergh, et al (2018) Effect of magnesium on cognition after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in a randomized trial. European Journal of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13764
R. Soliman, Walid A Abukhudair (2019) The Perioperative Effect of Magnesium sulfate in Patients with Concentric Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Double-Blinded Randomized Study. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia. https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.ACA_34_18
A. Abdoli, Farshid Rahimi-Bashar, S. Torabian, et al (2019) Efficacy of Simultaneous Administration of Nimodipine, Progesterone, and Magnesium Sulfate in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Bulletin of Emergency and Trauma. https://doi.org/10.29252/beat-070206
Shawn Fan, Michael Jang, May A. Kim-Tenser, et al (2023) Effect of Magnesium on Deterioration and Symptomatic Hemorrhagic Transformation in Cerebral Ischemia: An Ancillary Analysis of the FAST-MAG Trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528385
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Landong Sijabat, Raka Jati Prasetya, Mutia Juliana (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
