MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS DAN AKSES LAYANAN BEDAH DI TENGAH BENCANA, TRANSFORMASI KESEHATAN, DAN PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL AND PRIMARY STUDIES

MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS DAN AKSES LAYANAN BEDAH DI TENGAH BENCANA, TRANSFORMASI KESEHATAN, DAN PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL AND PRIMARY STUDIES

Authors

  • Coy Hutagaol Rumah Sakit TK III IM 07.01 Lhokseumawe, Indonesia / Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Methodist Indonesia

Keywords:

akses bedah, bedah bencana, sindrom crush, fasiotomi, COVID-19, task-sharing, infeksi luka operasi, telemedisin, drone, telebedah, global surgery, Indonesia

Abstract

Pendahuluan : Sekitar lima miliar penduduk dunia belum memiliki akses terhadap layanan bedah dan anestesi yang aman, terjangkau, dan tepat waktu. Kesenjangan ini diperberat oleh bencana alam, pandemi, serta ketimpangan geografis negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia, sementara transformasi sistem kesehatan dan teknologi digital menawarkan jalur penyelesaian baru. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan mensintesis bukti primer mutakhir mengenai strategi peningkatan kualitas dan akses layanan bedah pada empat domain: bencana gempa bumi, pandemi COVID-19, transformasi sistem kesehatan, dan teknologi.3,4

Metode : Tinjauan sistematis mengikuti PRISMA 2020. Pencarian dilakukan untuk publikasi 2011–2026. Kriteria inklusi dibatasi pada uji acak terkendali (RCT), kohort, kasus-kontrol, potong lintang, serta studi observasional prospektif dan retrospektif. 1,2,5–7

Hasil : Dari 251 rekaman, 94 studi primer (21 RCT; 73 studi observasional/kuasi-eksperimental) dari >30 negara diinklusi, dan 35 studi berkontribusi pada sembilan meta-analisis. Pada korban gempa bumi, mortalitas gabungan pasien bedah/trauma sebesar 6,0% (IK 95% 3,9–9,0; I² 78,6%), lebih tinggi pada kohort sindrom crush/ICU (10,3%) dibanding kohort ortopedi umum (3,7%; p-interaksi = 0,017); proporsi amputasi 10,1% (6,2–16,0) dan fasiotomi 26,3% (13,1–45,6); fasiotomi yang tertunda >45,5 jam meningkatkan kebutuhan amputasi 28,5 kali. Pada pandemi COVID-19, lockdown penuh menyebabkan 15,0% pasien kanker tidak jadi dioperasi, dan mortalitas pascaoperasi periode pandemi cenderung meningkat (OR gabungan 1,41; 0,84–2,36; I² 80,1%). Pembagian tugas (task-sharing) bedah kepada klinisi non-spesialis tidak meningkatkan mortalitas (OR 0,32; 0,07–1,54) dan menurunkan rekurensi hernia 1 tahun (RR 0,20; 0,04–0,91). Program mutu multimodal Clean Cut menurunkan infeksi luka operasi (ILO) sebesar 38% (RR 0,62; 0,52–0,74; I² 25,1%; interval prediksi 0,40–0,95). Tindak lanjut pascaoperasi melalui telemedisin tidak meningkatkan komplikasi (RR 0,81; 0,54–1,22; I² 0%) maupun kunjungan tak terencana (RR 1,00; 0,57–1,75). Pengantaran darah dengan drone mempercepat distribusi 79–98 menit dan menurunkan kedaluwarsa produk darah 67%; telebedah robotik berbasis 5G mencapai keberhasilan teknis 95–100% dengan latensi 31,6–166,6 ms. Di Indonesia, cakupan akses ≤2 jam terhadap layanan subspesialis onkologi ginekologi hanya 4,9% di Papua dibanding 79,1% di Jawa.8–16

Diskusi : Bukti menunjukkan bahwa akses dan kualitas bedah dapat ditingkatkan secara simultan melalui kombinasi kesiapsiagaan bencana berbasis protokol damage control dan fasiotomi dini, perlindungan jalur operasi elektif saat krisis, task-sharing terstruktur dengan pelatihan berbasis kompetensi, program mutu berbiaya rendah, serta adopsi teknologi digital dan logistik yang disesuaikan konteks. Heterogenitas tinggi pada data bencana dan dominasi studi observasional membatasi kepastian bukti.4,17

Kesimpulan : Strategi terintegrasi lintas domain bencana, transformasi, dan teknologi berpotensi memperluas akses bedah yang aman. Indonesia memerlukan rencana bedah nasional yang memuat kesiapsiagaan bencana, program task-sharing terakreditasi, program pencegahan ILO, telemedisin pascaoperasi, serta pemetaan geospasial sebagai dasar alokasi sumber daya.3,18

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Özdemir G, et al. Systematic triage and treatment of earthquake victims: our experience in a tertiary hospital after the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake. Jt Dis Relat Surg. 2023. doi:10.52312/jdrs.2023.1102. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/56b407a7d8ba5c0eb8103b618ee9bf33/?utm_source

Yalın M, et al. Analysis of the effect of time under debris as a mortality determinant and injury patterns in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Arch Basic Clin Res. 2024. doi:10.5152/abcr.2024.23211. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/6b25b46c8e385f2ebc4e01c60daa61a6/?utm_source

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Kilincarslan A, et al. Anesthetic approach to trauma patients in the city hospital after the 2023 Maraş earthquake. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2024. doi:10.14744/tjtes.2024.92346. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/099b6b0ae444534d94765a5f7da675c1/?utm_source

Yıldırım F, et al. Evaluation of the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquake from the perspective of Plastic Surgery Department: a single-center experience. Jt Dis Relat Surg. 2023. doi:10.52312/jdrs.2023.1107. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/2abc4968f27c5c91a7478f6ec3f85d83/?utm_source

Gezer D, et al. Prognostic factors of crush syndrome and survival in elderly earthquake survivors: a retrospective study after the 2023 Turkey disaster. Emerg Care J. 2026. doi:10.4081/ecj.2026.14433. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/437bc492593a57bf8a561a85588cbaa9/?utm_source

Acar A, et al. Pediatric injuries after 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake: an epidemiologic study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2026. doi:10.1007/s00068-025-03048-6. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/c5bfc599388c5684a840a6f97226e6dc/?utm_source

Günaydın F, et al. Orthopedic trauma management in pediatric earthquake victims: a single-center experience from the 2023 Türkiye disaster. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025. doi:10.1007/s00068-025-02940-5. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/04907000a3985487b9574dfb88380d30/?utm_source

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de Graaff MD, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical care in the Netherlands. Br J Surg. 2022. doi:10.1093/bjs/znac301. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/6b1ca6369c03579b97d87a1ac7ebf368/?utm_source

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Ashley T, et al. Outcomes after elective inguinal hernia repair with mesh performed by associate clinicians versus medical doctors in Sierra Leone: 5-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Br J Surg. 2025. doi:10.1093/bjs/znaf221. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/2d8374c8a2b951ee8026afc5889ff979/?utm_source

Ashley T, et al. Standardised competency-based training of medical doctors and associate clinicians in inguinal repair with mesh in Sierra Leone. World J Surg. 2023. doi:10.1007/s00268-023-07095-1. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/351de1057fc750c2a376e839609b5707/?utm_source

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Barba P, et al. Remote telesurgery in humans: a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2022. doi:10.1007/s00464-022-09074-4. Tersedia di (Consensus): https://consensus.app/papers/details/405f36274fef5bb8ab70aad88503e92b/?utm_source

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2026-09-30

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MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS DAN AKSES LAYANAN BEDAH DI TENGAH BENCANA, TRANSFORMASI KESEHATAN, DAN PERKEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI : A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL AND PRIMARY STUDIES (Coy Hutagaol , Trans.). (2026). The Indonesian Journal of General Medicine, 44(1), 1038-1140. https://doi.org/10.70070/fam8z890